U.S. Immigration Policy 1790-2010

2000 U.S. population hits 281 million.

2001 U.S Patriot Act - passed soon after the September 911 terrorist attacks, the act gives immigration authorities wider powers to detain and deport immigrants suspected of terrorism-related acts.

2003 Arnold Schwarzenegger elected California Governor, the former body-builder and movie star came to the U.S. in 1968. He has been called the most famous immigrant in U.S. history.

2007 Immigration overhaul fails. One proposed measure would have provided legal status and a pathway to citizenship to un-documented immigrants. After the legistation was roundly criticzed by people on both sides of the debate, the bill was unable to pass and the measure failed.

2008 Crackdown in Iowa Immigration agents raid an Agriprocessing meat packing plant in Postville, Iowa arresting 389 people. Federal officers described it to the Des Moine Register as the largest single-site raid of its kind.

2009 U.S. population hits 308 million.

2010 Push for Legislation March 19:- Senator Chuck Schumer,D-NY and Senator Lindsey Graham, R-SC outline four possible elements for an Immigration overhaul bill, including better border security, biometric Social Security cards for verifying employment eligibility; a means for allowing entry of temporary workers a pathway to legalization for workers already here.

April 23 Arizona Governnor Jan Brewer signs the nations toughest legislation measure into law. It makes the failure to carrying immigrants documents a crime and gives broad power to police to detain anyone suspected of being in the country illegally. The law touches off a national debate.

U.S. Immigration Policy 1790-2010

1894 - Immigration League founded in Boston by three Harvard College graduates to curb immigration, it thus spreads to many other U.S. cities.

1910 Angel Island Immigration Station - Between 1910 & 1940, hundreds of thousands of immigrants from Asia pass through the station in the San Francisco Bay.

1921 Emergency Quota Act - The measure limits the numbers of immigrants who can come to the United States to 3% of the number of people from that country living in the U.S. in 1910.

1924 Immigration Act - The measure sets national origin quotas limiting the number of new immigrants, establishing percentages based on existing census figures. Critics say the law is aimed at Southern and Eastern Europeans, East Asians and Asian Indians.

1940- Alien Registration Act - This act requires all non-citizen Adult residents to register with the government.

1942 Bracero Program Between 1942 and 1964, more than 4.5 million Mexican nationals sign contracts to work on U.S. farms under a program of negotiated by U.S. and Mexican governments.

1943 Chinese Exclusion Act repealed. Congress repeals exclusionary provisions aimed at Chinese immigrants and establishes a quota of a token 105 visas per year.

1945 War Brides Act - the measure allows spouses and adopted children of U.S. military personel to enter country following World War 2.

1948 Albright comes to U.S. - Madeleine Albright who served as U.S. Secretary of State from 1977-2001, was born Marie Jana Koledova in Prague, Czechoslovakia. When she was 11 her family came to the U.S. fleeing the Communist takeover.

1950 U.S. population hits 152 million.

1964 Bracero Program ends.

1965 Immigration and Nationality Act 1965 - President Lyndon Johnson signs a measure to abolish the national origin quotas that had been in place since 1924. An annual limitation of 300,000 visas is established for immigrants.

U.S. Immigration Policy 1790-2010

Naturalization is the acquistion of citizenship or nationlity by somebody who was not a citizen or national of that country when he or she was born.
In general, basic requirements for naturalization are that the applicant hold a legal status as a full-time resident for a minimum period of time and that the applicant promise to obey and uphold that country's laws, to which an oath or pledge or allegiance is sometimes added. Some countries also require that a naturalized national must renounce any other citizenship that they currently hold, forbidding dual citizenship, but whether this renunciation actually causes loss of the person's original citizenship will again depend on the laws of the countries involved.
Nationality is traditionally based either on jus soli("right of territory") or on jus sanguis ("right of blood") or jus matrimonii ("marriage to a national").

1790 Naturalization Act - Congress establishes a process of naturalization and a two-year residency requirement for "free white" persons of 'good character.'

1798 Alien and Sedition Acts - The acts increase the residency requirement for citizenship to 14 years and give the president the authority to deport
aliens deemed dangerous to the nation's "peace and safety"

1800 U.S.population hits 5.2 million.

1819 Steerage Act - the act requires ship captains to provide a list of their passengers to customs officials at the port of entry, including the age, sex and occupation of each passenger.

1845 Irish potato famine - the failure of potato crop begins suddenly as a result of an airborne fungus. It lasted for 6 years and nearly one million Irish leave their country to come to the United States.

1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hildalgo
After the Mexican-American war, negotiations extend citizenship to about 80,000 Mexicans nationals living within the new boundaries of the United States.

1849 California Gold Rush The discovery of golds spurs massive immigration from both Europe and Asia.

1850 Know Nothing Movement
Also known as the Native American Party, the movement fears Irish-Catholic immigration and seeks to curb immigration and naturalization. It's popular name comes from its semi-secret organizational structure.

1862 The Homestead Act - The measure awards 160 acres of free land in the west to settlers who agree to live on it for five years, spurring more immigration from Europe.

1882 Chinese Exclusion Act - the measure barred both skilled and unskilled Chinese laborers from entering the country for 10 years and is the most significant limit on free immigration in U.S. history.

1889 Hull House founded in Chicago - Jane Addams, and Ellen Gates Starr establish this settelement house offering day care, a jobs bureau, and English and citizenship classes to recently arrived European immigrants.

1891 Bureau of Immigration established - Congress establishes the bureau and adds health qualifications to restrictions on immigration.

1892 Ellis Island opens - Over the next 62 years more than 12 million people enter the United States through the immigration center on the small island in New York harbor.( to be continued )

Border Restrictions ! 2010

- IF YOU CROSS THE NORTH KOREAN BORDER ILLEGALLY YOU GET 12 YEARS HARD LABOR.

- IF YOU CROSS THE IRANIAN BORDER ILLEGALLY YOU ARE DETAINED INDEFINITELY.

- IF YOU CROSS THE AFGHAN BORDER ILLEGALLY, YOU GET SHOT.

- IF YOU CROSS THE SAUDI ARABIAN BORDER ILLEGALLY YOU WILL BE JAILED.

- IF YOU CROSS THE CHINESE BORDER ILLEGALLY YOU MAY NEVER BE HEARD FROM AGAIN.

- IF YOU CROSS THE VENEZUELAN BORDER ILLEGALLY YOU WILL BE BRANDED A SPY AND YOUR FATE WILL BE SEALED.

- IF YOU CROSS THE CUBAN BORDER ILLEGALLY YOU WILL BE THROWN INTO POLITICAL PRISON TO ROT.

- IF YOU CROSS THE U.S. BORDER ILLEGALLY YOU GET................................
1 - A JOB,
2 - A DRIVERS LICENSE,
3 - SOCIAL SECURITY CARD,
4 - WELFARE,
5 - FOOD STAMPS,
6 - CREDIT CARDS,
7 - SUBSIDIZED RENT OR A LOAN TO BUY A HOUSE,
8 - FREE EDUCATION,
9 - FREE HEALTH CARE,
10 - A LOBBYIST IN WASHINGTON ,
11 - BILLIONS OF DOLLARS WORTH OF PUBLIC DOCUMENTS PRINTED IN YOUR LANGUAGE,
12 - AND THE RIGHT TO CARRY YOUR COUNTRY'S FLAG WHILE YOU PROTEST THAT YOU DON'T GET ENOUGH RESPECT.

Preserving Ohio Local Courthouse Records - What it matters to you!

The old Jefferson County courthouse in Steubenville, Ohio had records stored in the basement and in the annex/jail cells for many years. Some of the records date back to the formation of our county, in 1797 and later the formation of the state of Ohio in 1802. They tell the story of the early pioneers in Ohio and some whom were lived in what is now Columbiana County, Belmont, Carroll and Columbiana Counties.
These records have been slowly deteriorating, some were placed in wet basements and others in dry hot storage spaces and yet others in outside storage sheds, exposed to all types of weather extremes. Some sat on metal shelves, while others sat in cardboard boxes or on the floor. The records were not easily accessible to genealogists and some records were never revealed for public access or researchers. Our archive and research center was created in the fall of 2009 due to a need to preserve county records. With the cooperation of the probate and common pleas judges, they have given the records to our chapter on a permanent loan basis. This project began in 2002 and has taken many years to come to this point.

Our chapter members stepped up and a chapter member offered her office to our chapter to house and archive the valuable records in November of 2009. Now the work begins of sorting the records, indexing the records, digitizing the records and finally and opening our archives to the public for research purposes.

The Jefferson County Chapter, OGS archive and research center is a must for genealogical research. Our archives will consist of many valuable genealogical materials in their original state. Various collections have been donated and we will continue to accept all donations of family histories, bible records, maps, journals, church records, cemetery records, local histories, yearbooks, directories, veterans/military records, and much more - too many to list in this format. We gratefully accept material on Columbiana County.
While we will be open to researchers with volunteers available to assist, we will offer a mail and email queries for researcher and for copies of documents. Our vast indexing program will allow us to provide information for historians and researchers.
Our chapter and archive will depend upon memberships, donations, research requests and copying fees to operate the center. Many office supplies will be needed and most importantly, money, through donations will be needed to purchase a copy machine, a high quality scanner and printer. We will continue to need donations for various archival materials to store and organize all the ledgers, probate packets, and various loose papers that have been given to us from the various county courthouse records.
Please check back to the jefferson county website posted at the right of this posting. We are now operating out of boxes and organizing materials to prepare for digitizing these records.

Legal Term - "Contra"

While looking through the courthouse records, the other day @ our Chapter's office, our Chapter President Flora asked to have this term searched.
So here is the term for those who may not know what this could mean if you found this in any documents while searching your family trees.

A "contra" is a deal that allows for the exchange of services, goods, or publicity without money changing hands.

Have a happy day and come back to visit our blog as we post other interesting findings,while working with the Jefferson Courthouse records from days past.

Welcome to the 2 new followers of this blog! I am both surprised and grateful, because this blog is only 3 days young!

Jefferson County Ohio Genealogical Society - Preserving the Collection

The Library of Congress >> Librarians, Archivists >> Preservation Preservation Pages All Library Pages Home >> Caring for Your Collections >> Preserving Works on PaperPreserving Works on Paper: Manuscripts, Drawings, Prints, Posters, Maps, DocumentsThe manufacturing method and materials of works on paper, such as the inks, paints and paper components, influence the inherent, long-term stability of library, art and archival items. Providing a good environment, and safe handling and storage conditions are critical to preserving paper collections.

Relative humidity and temperature:
Store paper materials in dark, cool, relatively dry locations. Aim for 35% relative humidity and below 72° F. Avoid light, heat and dampness. Maintaining steady temperature and relative humidity is preferable over conditions that cycle up and down. Attics, bathrooms and basements are generally to be avoided. Inside walls are drier than outside walls, where moisture can collect. High humidity can lead to the development of foxing (small brown disfiguring spots in paper) or mold growth. Vigilance is necessary to ensure maintenance of acceptable environmental conditions.

Lighting:
Most paper items are susceptible to damage from ultraviolet (UV) and visible light. UV radiation, which is emitted by the sun and fluorescent bulbs, is particularly damaging to paper items. If UV is present, it should be eliminated by using a filtering glazing in frames, or filters over windows and light bulbs. The intensity and length of exposure to visible light on paper items should be reduced as much as possible. Particularly light sensitive items such as watercolors, manuscripts, newsprint and non-print media should be stored away from the light as much as possible to avoid fading and/or yellowing. Close drapes and hang pictures on inside walls away from sunlight and long term lighting. In some cases framing a photocopy or photograph of an original item will be a good substitute for exposing the sensitive original to light damage.

Pollution, Dust, and Pests:
Pollutants, such as ozone and fumes from photocopy machines, car exhausts, and heating systems can cause damage to paper and media. Alkaline storage materials can help provide a buffer to these airborne pollutants. Paper materials should be protected from dust and dirt. Monitor for evidence of rodents and insects, such as silverfish, book lice and book worms, which can eat, soil and damage paper; good housekeeping and environmental conditions will help reduce the threat of these pests.

Storage:
It is best to store paper items flat, rather than folding and unfolding, which can lead to creases and tears. Seek the advice of a paper conservator, if any trouble is encountered when unfolding or unrolling an object.

Paper materials may be stored in acid-free alkaline folders, polyester film folders or alkaline mats. Alkaline paper or board provides a desirable neutralizing effect on acidity. The stiffness of the storage folder or box should provide adequate support to the item(s) in storage and transport. Since acidity migrates, acidic storage materials should be avoided, and highly acidic materials, such as newspaper clippings or telegrams should be isolated to avoid acid migration. Polyester film has the benefit of being clear and can also provide support, but is not alkaline. Polyester film can have an electrostatic charge which will cause damage to friable media such as unfixed pastel and charcoal, heavily applied pencil, and flaking media.

Handling paper materials:
Hands should be clean and dry before handling paper items, as the oils from fingers can cause staining on the paper.

Avoid having food or drinks in the area of your collection.

Use pencils when working with your collection, to avoid possible disfigurement from inks.

Damaged Paper Items:
If a paper item becomes damaged, place it in a folder and contact a paper conservator, who can provide the treatment needed.

Avoid using pressure-sensitive tapes (including those called "archival") as they can cause irreversible disfigurement, embrittlement of paper and alteration of inks.

If a flat paper item becomes moldy or wet, isolate it from other materials and dry it with warm circulating air. Contact a paper conservator for further advice.

To select the professional best qualified to treat your object, contact the referral service maintained by The Foundation of the American Institute for Conservation (FAIC). They will provide you with a list of conservators in your area that can help you find an appropriate conservator or conservation treatment:

The Foundation of the American Institute for Conservation (FAIC)
1156 15th Street, NW, Suite 320
Washington, D.C. 20005-1714
Telephone (202) 452-9545
FAX (202) 452-9328
E-mail: info@aic-faic.org
WWW: http://aic.stanford.edu/

Further Reading:

Ellis, Margaret Holben. The Care of Prints and Drawings.
Nashville: American Association for State and Local History, 1987.

National Committee to Save America's Cultural Collections. Caring for Your Collections.
New York: Harry N. Abrams, Inc., 1992.

Ritzenthaler, Mary Lynn. Preserving Archives and Manuscripts.
Chicago, Il: Society of American Archivists, 1993.

The preservation procedures described here have been used by the Library of Congress in the care of its collections and are considered suitable by the Library as described; however, the Library will not be responsible for damage to your collection should damage result from the use of these procedures.

Revised 12/98

Home >> Caring for Your Collections >> Preserving Works on PaperThe Library of Congress >> Librarians, Archivists >> Preservation
January 29, 2009Ask a Librarian